Baclofen Pump

What is spasticity?

Spasticity is muscle tightness that makes movement— especially of the arms and legs—difficult or uncontrollable. It typically results from injury to a part of the central nervous system (brain or spinal cord) or from abnormalities in parts of the brain that control voluntary movements. Common conditions associated with spasticity include cerebral palsy, brain injury, stroke and spinal cord injury. Spasticity—which varies from mild stiffness to severe, painful, uncontrolled muscle spasms—can sometimes be very difficult to control and can interfere with activities of daily living.

What can treating spasticity do?

Treating spasticity:

• May promote comfort and improve ease of care
• May improve gait, mobility, and function
• May decrease muscle spasms, pain and fatigue
• May promote increased range of motion
• May improve sleep
• Complements physical, occupational, and speech therapies 

Treating severe spasticity may require a combination of approaches.  For some patients, intrathecal baclofen pump therapy may be a good option.  Because the pump releases medication—baclofen—directly into the fluid around the spinal cord, the baclofen does not enter the bloodstream. This avoids some of the potential side effects of oral baclofen in the brain and intestines, and avoids drug interactions for patients with complex medication regimens to treat conditions such as seizures

Dystonia is a movement disorder in which muscles contract involuntarily, causing repetitive or twisting movements. When dystonia occurs in people with cerebral palsy (CP) it presents as hypertonia, involuntary postures and movements, or a combination. Mild degrees of dystonia can be treated with botox or oral medications. When severe to the degree that ease of care and/or quality of life is affected, then neurosurgical options can be considered.

In carefully selected patients, ITB can be beneficial for patients with both spasticity and dystonia.

If your physician or therapist has recommended an evaluation, your next step is to make an appointment with our neurosurgeon and ITB team to discuss the pump and determine if this is an appropriate treatment. We can plan for surgery when you are ready. 

• Appointment with the neurosurgery team at Kennedy Krieger Institute
• Detailed preoperative physical therapy evaluation at the Institute to assess muscle tone
• Test dose of intrathecal baclofen at Johns Hopkins (to be scheduled by the neurosurgeon at Johns Hopkins Pediatric Neurosurgery Center)

If we determine your child is a good candidate for placement, you’ll continue the process with the following steps:

• Placement at Johns Hopkins (to be scheduled by the neurosurgery office at Johns Hopkins)
• Follow-up appointments with
• Kennedy Krieger for baclofen adjustments and refills
• Follow-up appointments with the physical therapy team at Kennedy Krieger to assess progress in physical therapy with the pump in place.

Test Dose Trial

What does a test dose trial involve?

The test dose of intrathecal baclofen will be given in an operating suite at The Johns Hopkins Hospital by the neurosurgery team.

• Before the procedure, in the preoperative area of the operating suite, a Johns Hopkins physical therapist will likely evaluate spasticity and range of motion to document the baseline level of spasticity.
• The Johns Hopkins anesthesia team will administer general anesthesia in the operating room.
• The neurosurgery team will perform a lumbar puncture (i.e., spinal tap) to deliver a single dose of intrathecal baclofen into the space surrounding the spinal cord.

After the procedure, the patient will rest in a recovery room while the effects of the anesthesia wear off.

• The baclofen will begin to work within about two to three hours after the injection. The physical therapist will assess the baclofen’s effect. If you’d like, family members may participate in the assessment process.
• If the trial is successful and we observe a beneficial response to the intrathecal baclofen, we will proceed with placement of the pump. Usually, but not always, this takes place the following day during the same hospital admission

Important considerations:

• The trial uses only a single dose of baclofen and may cause significant reduction in muscle tone. This may be more or less dramatic than tone reduction from the pump, because pump dosing is continuous, and is adjusted specifically for each patient

Baclofen pump therapy is not suitable for everyone, and a trial will help determine if it is appropriate treatment. All factors influencing the decision to get a pump will be discussed before any decision is made.

Pump Placement Surgery 

The surgery is usually performed the day after the trial and lasts about two hours. The procedure may last longer for patients who’ve previously had spinal fusion surgery. 

Hospitalization will last from two to five days, depending on discomfort, constipation, feeding tolerance and other pre-existing medical conditions. 

We recommend lying flat in bed as much as possible during the first night after surgery. This will help prevent headaches. Gradually sitting up and getting out of bed can begin on the second day after surgery.

Initially, the pump will be programmed to deliver intrathecal baclofen at a low dose. The ITB team will increase the dosage during hospitalization, as needed. Many patients choose an inpatient rehabilitation stay following the surgery. 

At Kennedy Krieger’s inpatient rehabilitation hospital, patients receive frequent pump adjustments—from a few adjustments a week to daily adjustments, as needed—and multiple types of therapy. Most patients stay at the Institute’s rehabilitation hospital for two to three weeks, depending on their rehabilitation goals.

After discharge to home, you will be scheduled for appointments every one to four weeks at a Kennedy Krieger clinic. The appointments will allow us to adjust the amount of baclofen received through the pump until optimal dosage and effect are achieved.

Postoperative Care

The surgery will require two incisions: one on the abdomen (four inches in length), and a smaller one (two inches long) over the lower spine. Steri-Strips will secure the incisions, and they usually fall off on their own. If they don’t fall off, we can remove them two weeks after surgery. All sutures under the skin are absorbable.

In the days and weeks after surgery, there may be some swelling around the top and sides of the pump. This fluid build-up is a normal bodily reaction to the pump. An abdominal binder around the mid-section helps provide support and limit swelling. We typically recommend using a binder for six to eight weeks after surgery (longer for patients who are particularly thin). 

If you notice any redness or drainage from the incisions, contact our team as soon as possible. After two weeks, if the incisions have healed, it is OK to swim or be immersed in water. 

During a postoperative visit at a Kennedy Krieger clinic two to four weeks after surgery, we will check the incisions and ensure proper healing is taking place. 

Activity:

• Avoid activities like roller-coaster rides and horseback riding for six weeks to avoid stress on the incisions and allow the body to heal with the catheter in place.
• Wheelchair adjustments may be necessary to fit the seat belt around the pump.
• Chest therapy vests and orthotic braces can be used starting about one week after surgery.

Medications:

• Acetaminophen may be taken for pain, every four to six hours, as needed.
• Continue oral baclofen until we instruct you to wean off of it. A schedule to gradually wean off of oral baclofen will be provided by our team.

Constipation:

• Constipation may temporarily worsen after any surgery, including surgery for pump placement. Some patients will note an improvement in their baseline constipation as their oral baclofen dosage decreases.
• Bowel movements should occur at least every two days for anyone. Patients with a preexisting bowel regimen devised with their primary care provider or gastrointestinal specialist should resume their presurgery bowel regimen after surgery.

Physical Therapy: 

• Periodic physical therapy evaluations will be scheduled to assess muscle tone and the effects of the pump. These evaluations are essential to ensure the pump is working properly, and to assist us in programming recommendations.

Pump Refills 

The pump will need to be refilled every one to six months, depending on baclofen dosage. Our team keeps track of how quickly the baclofen in each patient’s pump is being used. When the time comes, we’ll reach out to you to schedule an appointment to refill the pump. 

Refill appointments at Kennedy Krieger last approximately one hour. If you need to change a refill visit, you must call us to reschedule. Refill appointments must not be missed.

The refill procedure:

• One of the Kennedy Krieger's team members will clean the area over and around the pump with a topical antiseptic solution. In some instances, we will use ultrasound guidance if there’s any difficulty in locating the pump access site.
• A cold spray will be applied to the skin over the pump to decrease the sensation from the small needle stick. Child life specialists will be available to provide education, coping techniques and psychosocial support.
• We will insert a thin needle through the skin and into the port on the front of the pump. The old baclofen in the pump will be removed and replaced with new intrathecal baclofen.
• Once the refill is complete, the handheld device will be used to program the pump. The team will also obtain the next refill alarm date from the pump

REMEMBER:

• Always carry a copy of the programming printout, or save a copy of it to your smart phone.
• Be sure to let any healthcare providers, therapists, school nurses and teachers who work with your child know about the pump. Our team can provide additional information to others who interact with your child.

What to expect after placement surgery:

• Relief of spasticity: Once the pump has been implanted, the amount of baclofen released at any one time is slowly increased until an optimal therapeutic response to relieve spasticity is reached. Some patients may not notice an immediate improvement right after pump placement, because baclofen delivery always begins at a low dose, and is gradually increased.
• Activity: There are no major limitations on activities once the surgical incision has healed. Physical therapy may be resumed a few days after surgery. Patients are advised to avoid activities like riding horses or roller coasters for six weeks.
• Pump refills: The pump will need to be refilled at a Kennedy Krieger clinic every one to six months. The frequency of refills will depend on baclofen dosage, and on how fast the baclofen is used.

Alarms:

The pump has two notification alarms:

• A short sequence sounds once per hour when the amount of baclofen in the pump is low and a refill is due
• A siren-like alarm sounds once every 10 minutes when the pump is empty. This is an emergency, and you must contact the baclofen pump team (the preferred response) or go to the Emergency Department of The Johns Hopkins Hospital for an urgent evaluation.

The team will review the alarms with you.

What are the possible side effects?

• Risks (which vary from patient to patient) associated with anesthesia during surgery.
• Low risk of bleeding
• Risk of infection around the pump, catheter, or surgical incision
• Seroma (fluid collection) around the pump
• Mild changes in bowel or bladder control (usually temporary)
• Overdose of underdose of baclofen
• Catheter problems preventing the flow of baclofen
• Pump failure or malfunction 

Overdose/Underdose:

Can the pump give too much baclofen?

Overdosage is very rare, but can be caused by programming error in drug concentration or delivery. Know the signs and symptoms of too much intrathecal baclofen:

• Muscles that are too loose
• Drowsiness, sleepiness, or confusion
• Slow breathing
• Slurred speech

Can the pump give too little baclofen?

Underdosage can occur if the catheter is not delivering enough baclofen. Once the dosage of intrathecal baclofen has begun, the drug should be given continuously. After a short time, the body will become dependent on baclofen. If, for any reason, there’s a problem with baclofen delivery—which can occur if there’s a problem with the pump or catheter, or if the pump becomes empty—acute or slow withdrawal can happen. Know the signs and symptoms of withdrawal from baclofen:

• Sudden increase in muscle tone
• High temperature
• Itching without hives
• Irritability
• Change in mental status
• Insomnia

Call our team immediately if:

• The pump is sounding an alarm.
• You feel the pump is delivering too much or not enough baclofen

Report any of the following symptoms:

• Increased tightness of muscles, similar to before the pump was inserted
• Floppiness
• Unexplained fever (temperature higher than 101.5 degrees F or 38.6 degrees C)
• Itching without hives
• Unexplained irritability
• Drowsiness or severe insomnia
• Nausea or vomiting
• Headaches or dizziness
• Redness, drainage, or swelling at the incision site or around the pump

If you have a question or concern, or if you need to reschedule an appointment during normal business hours (Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 5 p.m.), call our team at 443-923-7995 

Outside of normal business hours, if you have a concern that cannot wait until the next business day, call the on-call physician at Kennedy Krieger: 443-923-9200 

The neurosurgeon’s office at Johns Hopkins’ Pediatric Neurosurgery Center: 410-614-3869 

The Johns Hopkins Hospital’s after-hours answering service: 410-955-6070 (ask for the pediatric neurosurgeon on call) 

For more information or questions: BaclofenPump@KennedyKrieger.org